Psychoanalytical criticism

INTRUDUCTION
The theory of Psychoanalytic literary criticism is branch of theory of literature that we discuss on this paper will provide different views in analysis literary work. Through this theory we will try to give you understanding of analysis literary work base on point of view on analysis literary work which uses Psychoanalytic literary criticism. This theory has great influenced of psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud. It is study of human psychological functioning and behavior.
On this paper we look at the definition of theory itself to get a sense of the fundamental issues in literary work analysis. The theory that we will discuss considered: It is a literary approach where critics see the text as if it were a kind of dream. This means that the text represses its real (or latent) content behind obvious (manifest) content. The process of changing from latent to manifest content is known as the dream work, and involves operations of concentration and displacement. The critic analyzes the language and symbolism of a text to reverse the process of the dream work and arrive at the underlying latent thoughts.

Content
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a kind of therapy type to cure deviation bounce and nerve. This is aspect which is very recognized by many people. This therapy base on psychology of dynamic (a method that emphasizing a motif and encourage to behavior).the theory is about unconscious and how to interaction by conscious mind. This is a method base on free association (a process where client given by a word, to inform the analyst all incoming idea of patient’s mind). This matter assist patient to remember depressed experience (experience repressed) so that result infecting of neurosis.
Freudian psychoanalysis refers to a specific type of treatment in which the "analysand" (analytic patient) verbalizes thoughts, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst induces the unconscious conflicts causing the patient's symptoms and character problems, and interprets them for the patient to create insight for resolution of the problems.
There are two theories in psychoanalysis that also influenced the psychoanalytical theories of literature. The theories considered:
a. Topographic theory

Freud applied the theory in The Interpretation of Dreams (1900). This theory is about mental processes of the conscious and unconscious. This theory also called of the metapsychological that explain how the mind functions in classical psychoanalytic theory.
b. Structural theory
The theory describe into three parts in model of the psyche, there are id, ego and the last one superego
• The id is unconscious part of the psyche that responsible whole of our desires, fear, sex and basic impulses. The id is storehouse of the libido (the instinctive to create or the source of psychosexual energy).Freud divided the id instinct into two parts, life and death instincts. A life instinct (Eros) is the important to survival. The death instinct is our unconscious, such wish to die, struggle for more happiness. Freud mention the death instinct is our desire for peace and to go out from reality trough such as, fiction, media, and drugs.
• The ego is completely the conscious part of the psyche that organized part of the personality structure that includes defensive, perceptual, intellectual-cognitive, and executive functions. Conscious awareness resides in the ego, although not all of the operations of the ego are conscious. The ego separates what is real. It helps us to organize our thoughts and make sense of them and the world around us. The ego is mediator the id and superego to the external world or reality. It is making balance between conscious and unconscious.
• The Super-ego works in contradiction to the id. The Super-ego strives to act in a socially appropriate manner, whereas the id just wants instant self-gratification. The Super-ego controls our sense of right and wrong and guilt. It helps us fit into society by getting us to act in socially acceptable ways



Psychoanalytic Approaches
All psychoanalytic approaches to literature have one thing in common—the critics begin with a full psychological theory of how and why people behave as they do, a theory that has been developed by a psychologist/psychiatrist/psychoanalyst outside of the realm of literature, and they apply this psychological theory as a standard to interpret and evaluate a literary work.
Because psychoanalytic theories have been developed outside the realm of literature, they are not tied to a specific aesthetic theory and are frequently coupled with other schools of literary criticism (e.g., feminist psychoanalytic criticism, reader-response psychoanalytic criticism, etc.).
Psychoanalytic literary criticism can focus on one or more of the following:
• the author: the theory is used to analyze the author and his/her life, and the literary work is seen to supply evidence for this analysis. This is often called "psychobiography."
• the characters: the theory is used to analyze one or more of the characters; the psychological theory becomes a tool that to explain the characters’ behavior and motivations. The more closely the theory seems to apply to the characters, the more realistic the work appears.
• the audience: the theory is used to explain the appeal of the work for those who read it; the work is seen to embody universal human psychological processes and motivations, to which the readers respond more or less unconsciously.
• the text: the theory is used to analyze the role of language and symbolism in the work.

Psychoanalytic Criticism

Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts. It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses. One may psychoanalyze a particular character within a literary work, but it is usually assumed that all such characters are projections of the author's psyche.
One interesting facet of this approach is that it validates the importance of literature, as it is built on a literary key for the decoding. Freud himself wrote, "The dream-thoughts which we first come across as we proceed with our analysis often strike us by the unusual form in which they are expressed; they are not clothed in the prosaic language usually employed by our thoughts, but are on the contrary represented symbolically by means of similes and metaphors, in images resembling those of poetic speech" (26).
Like psychoanalysis itself, this critical endeavor seeks evidence of unresolved emotions, psychological conflicts, guilt, ambivalences, and so forth within what may well be a disunities literary work. The author's own childhood traumas, family life, sexual conflicts, fixations, and such will be traceable within the behavior of the characters in the literary work. But psychological material will be expressed indirectly, disguised, or encoded (as in dreams) through principles such as "symbolism" (the repressed object represented in disguise), "condensation" (several thoughts or persons represented in a single image), and "displacement" (anxiety located onto another image by means of association).
Despite the importance of the author here, psychoanalytic criticism is similar to New Criticism in not concerning itself with "what the author intended." But what the author never intended (that is, repressed) is sought. The unconscious material has been distorted by the censoring conscious mind.